Public spaces are areas that are open and accessible to all members of a community. These spaces can include parks, plazas, streets, markets, and other areas where people can gather, socialize, and engage in various activities. Research in this area often focuses on understanding the impact of public spaces on the physical and mental well-being of individuals, as well as how these spaces can promote social interaction, community cohesion, and cultural identity. Studies may also explore the design, management, and use of public spaces, as well as issues related to access, safety, and inclusivity. Overall, research on public spaces aims to create more vibrant, welcoming, and functional environments for all members of society.